11/2/2023 0 Comments London lockdown 3.0![]() They used a multiple linear regression model to weather-normalise during lockdown period surface concentrations of NO 2 and particle matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5). 13 collected satellite and ground station data to estimate air pollution differences between January and May 2020 and a baseline period (2017–2019) in 34 countries. They identified an increase of around 10–22% in O 3 concentrations from northwestern to central Europe based on urban background monitors. They used a generalised additive model to weather-normalise the daily maximum 1 h mean nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and the 8 h mean Ozone (O 3). In Europe, Ordóñez and colleagues 11 used the European Environment Agency's ground monitoring database 12 to estimate the NO 2 and O 3 changes from mid-March to April 2020 compared to 2015–2019. ![]() Several studies explored different approaches to assess air pollution changes during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Given the substantive evidence on the short-term effects of air pollution on health, recent studies have suggested that the decrease in exposure of entire populations likely resulted in a reduction in excess mortality and morbidity in different location worldwide 7, 8, 9, 10. As a consequence of this unique global coordinated response, several urban areas across the world experienced an abrupt drop in air pollution levels 6. Several local and national policy interventions have been implemented to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, such as social distancing, stay at home requirements, international travel controls, and non-essential business closures 4, 5. The first official outbreak was reported in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and, as of Janu3, the virus is already responsible for 5.46 million deaths worldwide and 1.54 million across Europe. This infectious disease has spread worldwide placing enormous pressure on national health systems since it can cause hospitalization 1 and lead to death 2. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe.ĬOVID-19 disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO 2 compared to PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. ![]() ![]() This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO 2, O 3, PM 2.5, and PM 10 levels across 47 European cities. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. Previous studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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